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The  Convention  on  Biological  Diversity  was  opened  for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio "Earth Summit") and entered into force on 29 December 1993. In 2010, 193 Parties to the Convention committed themselves to achieve the three goals  of  the  CBD,  i.e.  the  conservation  of  biodiversity,  the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity, and sharing the benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way.

Despite the effort of Parties in promoting biodiversity work, the rate of biodiversity loss is still increasing at an unprecedented rate. Therefore, in April 2002, 10 years after the Rio meeting, the Conference of the Parties adopted the Strategic Plan for the CBD and Parties to the Convention committed themselves to a more effective and coherent implementation to achieve the 2010 Biodiversity Target, i.e. by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level.

Although the land area of Taiwan is only 0.02% of the global land mass, due to its geographical and environmental vantage resulting in rich biodiversity, more than 50,000 species, or nearly 2.7% of the world's species can be found here. To conserve and sustainably use Taiwan’s rich biodiversity, the Executive Yuan approved the National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) (http://sta.epa.gov.tw/NSDN/download/creature.xls)  in  2001,  and directed all relevant agencies to implement biodiversity work accordingly. The NBAP was later revised in 2007 to meet the 2010 Biodiversity Target.

• ♦Nearly 19 % of the total land area of Taiwan and 4,034 km2 of sea area have been designated as protected areas, 75 Wetlands of National Importance have been selected, and potential biodiversity hotspots are being identified for future protection (Table 1).
• ♦The first National Vegetation Map was completed and the data collected for making this map will be used for national land planning, management of ecological systems, monitor of vegetation dynamics, resource conservation and environmental assessment.

• ♦ The Schedule of Protected Species was revised and the new Schedule is essential to proper prioritization of wildlife conservation activities.
• ♦ The Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facilities (http://www.taibif.org.tw), which serves as the biodiversity clearinghouse mechanism in Taiwan, was set up to facilitate exchange of biodiversity information locally, regionally, and globally.
• ♦ National Germplasm Banks for preserving precious genetic materials of crops, domestic animals aquatic animals, wildlife, and/or microorganisms, in the form of live individuals, seeds, tissues, cells, cultures, and/or DNAs have been established or upgraded to serve the needs of research, exchange, agriculture improvement, and reintroduction to natural environment.

• ♦ New development of biotechnology improved artificial propagation of several important medicinal and ornamental plants and thus significantly reduced the pressure  of unsustainable collection on the wild population of these plants. 
• ♦ Twenty-five marine resource protection areas were designated,  new  regulations and measures were implemented, law enforcement was strengthened, education and public awareness campaigns were promoted to ensure sustainable harvest of marine resources.
• ♦ Funding, knowledge and technical support were provided by various agencies to  encourage the establishment of sustainable local communities.

• ♦ Various measures were taken to reduce the impact of invasive alien species (IAS). These measures include: establishing an inter-ministerial task force to review periodically the list of IAS; developing risk assessment mechanism to identify IAS;  establishing impact assessment, management and monitoring system for introduced, released and escaped alien species; strengthening prevention, inspection, quarantine, management and control system to prevent and mitigate the negative impact of IAS to local biodiversity and human health.
• ♦ Continuous investigation on and restoration of polluted land, waters, and degraded ecosystems were conducted by responsible agencies.

• ♦ Long-term ecological research, long-term biodiversity monitoring systems, including forest dynamic plots, and databases for storage of relevant research and monitoring data are either established or being established to improve our understanding of the benefit of ecosystem services, impacts of climate change and  natural catastrophe to ecosystem structure and function.
• ♦ Continuous investigation on and restoration of polluted land, waters, and degraded ecosystems were conducted by responsible agencies.

• ♦ Ethnobiological knowledge of indigenous peoples and Hakka people were collected and published, and a database was set up to keep such information.
• ♦ “The Protection Act for the Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples” was drafted and “the Indigenous Peoples Resources Joint Management Act” was promulgated.